Key success factors for Airtel using Porters value chain Analysis Essay

The methodology of the report is carried out by observing and analyzing various secondary sources. The various secondary sources are study of value chain model in detail from various books and different net sources.. Other than these , study of key factors in the growth of airtel industry. Agter study of key factors, a complete knowledge of industry is taken from various secondary sources. (1. 1)Profile of the company Bharti Airtel Limited, which is also known as Airtel, is an multinational telecommunications services company of India which is headquartered in New Delhi. It operates in 20 countries and some of them are south Africa, Asia, channel countries. Airtel has GSM network in all countries in which it operates, providing services such as 2G, 3G, 4G depending upon the country of operation. Airtel is the world’s third largest mobile telecommunications company by subscribers, with over 275 million subscribers across 20 countries as of July 2013. It is the largest cellular service provider in India, with 192. 22 million subscribers as of August 2013. Airtel is the third largest in-country mobile operator by subscriber base. Airtel is the largest provider of mobile telephony and second largest provider of fixed telephony in India, and is also a provider of broadband and subscription television services. It offers its telecom services under the â€Å"airtel† brand, and is headed by Sunil Bharti Mittal. Bharti Airtel is the first Indian telecom service provider to achieve Cisco Gold Certification. And it also acts as a carrier for national and international long distance communication services. The company has a submarine cable landing station at Chennai, which connects the submarine cable connecting Chennai and Singapore. Airtel is credited with pioneering the business strategy of outsourcing all of its business operations except marketing, sales and finance and building the ‘minutes factory’ model of low cost and high volumes. The strategy has since been copied by several operators. And its network base stations, microwave links, is maintained by Ericsson and Nokia. Vision: 1. Become the most loved brand by 2015 2. Multiplatform services in telecom, enterprise and digital television, unified under brand â€Å"airtel† 3. Amongst the Top 100 of Most Valuable Global Brands 4. No. 1 service brand in India CHAPTER – 2 (2. 0) Effects of value chain analysis: Many organizations do not achieve the profits they anticipate by using incorrect methods or models to determine the true costs of products and services. This failure to correctly assess the costs associated with business not only affects the profit margin, but the organizations competitive advantage as well. In order to assess whether the organization is failing to realize optimum resource allocation, the organization should look at the methodology first popularized by Michael Porter titled the Value Chain Analysis (VCA). â€Å"VCA seeks to define the entire chain through which goods are supplied to a customer†. The VCA can be a powerful tool in increasing an organization’s competitive advantage; by correctly pricing products and assessing the true costs of materials and labour, organizations can align the improvements in efficiency and quality with its objectives. The value chain includes all the activities involved in product making. It is a useful tool to measure the value created for each activity in the process of product creation. It is a part of a firm’s strategic planning to arrange these activities in a way that the total value, the value that buyers are willing to pay, exceeds the total cost. According to Porter , a company can create value through a cost advantage or product differentiation. The activities in the value chain are not independent. Linkages may exist between activities. In fact, one process may affect the cost and performance of the others. Linkage can exist between primary activities, as well as, between primary and support activities. Therefore, competitive advantages can also be derived from the linkages between activities. Airtel seeks to create value through diversification by moving across businesses that share both operational and corporate relatedness. With this approach, it expects to achieve high resource sharing and consequently, significant cost reduction. It looks at operational relatedness since a number of its businesses operate across similar technologies and thus the platform for a given product can be used directly for extending the service from a completely new product. As an example, the cables for a telephone connection provided by Airtel can be used to provide broadband service to the customer without any significant change in infrastructure. The skills required from the technicians are also not very different and thus economies of scale are quite possible (2. 1) The Added-value Chain: According to McPhee and Wheeler , focusing on the firm’s internal core activities is not sufficient to generate value in today’s firms. The authors propose an added-value chain model that includes a set of expanded business activities from different business models and a redefinition of value that incorporates brand, reputation, and relationship-based value drivers of the firm. In the added-value chain model, the definition of value incorporates profit margin and intangible assets like leadership quality, innovate capability, brand equity and competences in strategic-alliance development. This new value definition gives to the firms the ability to evaluate how their strategies affect both â€Å"hard† and â€Å"soft† assets of the firms . This model is incomplete for example in finding and exploring non-linear value opportunities. Chapter – 3 (3. 0) Key success factors: Airtel has its presence in all 23 circles of the Indian telecom industry. Some of its key success factors are: Brand name: Airtel is a well known name throughout the world. So due to its internationalization strategy It is earning a huge amount of profit. One Step Ahead: Airtel always believe in staying one step ahead of its rivals and it achieves this by doing multidimensional expansion. And this thing can be achieved only by a stable and visionary management. Business Process Outsourcing: Airtel always follows the strategy of outsourcing of all the non core activities and it keep on focussing on core activities. And it is also known as the first mobile company to outsource everything except marketing and sales. The outsources infrastructure and I. T operations from I. B. M, Nortel and Wipro and communication networks from Nokia and recently with Cisco and Servion to provide hosted contact centre services. Innovations in VAS: Airtel has separate value added services for consumers and business enterprises. And other services such as Airtel online desktop for Airtel broadband users which provides free online space for storing, also editing and sharing. It also provides free software and updates on rental basis. M-Commerce: Airtel has also idea for introducing m – commerce as one of its value added service. Because still 80 to 85 percent of population is looking for financial transactions using mobile technology. So it’s a good step. Network: Airtel packs a punch when it comes to network coverage. The aim of Sunil Bharti Mittal wasto creates a network which is clear even when in the basement. Airtel has done just that and beyond. (3. 1) Strategies of Airtel: Mobile to mobile payment: This is the first mobile-to-mobile payment option, which enables Airtel customers and ICICI bank visa cardholders to pay for their purchases with their Airtel mobile phones. Joint venture: Airtel realised that the role of mobile telephony must surpass the conventional school of thought in India. Ever since internet banking has kick started in India, it was just a matter of time before mobile banking started playing the role of a constant revenue stream. The only drawback is the lack of infrastructure in India when it comes to cashless purchase To target around 55 million farmers fertiliser cooperative of India came in with a joint venture with airtel. This venture will help the farmers with the help of telecommunication services. And it will also help in giving the vital information to the farmers. And this is an innovative way of targeting the lower part of the pyramis whereas competitiors are not doing so. Hiring strategy: Airtel has a history of hiring some of the high level officials from other companies to be an integral part of their business. AIRTEL IN WIRELESS IN INDIA: If we talk about wireless network airtel is at no. one position in India. It has a large customer base in comparison to other networks. So, from wireless they earn a total of 30% of revenue from market share. If we will see from the figure, airtel has 187 million customers in india which is the largest. And this proves that value chain plays a very important role in maintaining a profit margin. from this we came to know that the technology advancement , which is a secondary activity and operation , inbound logistics of primary activities is quite strong. FIG – (1) – WIRELESS SUBSCRIBERS Value chain model of Airtel If we talk about value chain model of Airtel, first we will start with some key factors and we will fit them in a particular step of value chain , so that we can identify how it is giving extra value to the firm. So we will discuss each step in brief one by one. 1) BRAND NAME: Airtel is a well known name and is recognised throughout the world. It has its presence in various countries. If we talk through clear facts it is present in twenty countries and this brand is addressable to around 1. 8 bn population. It has its presence in different corners of world and is a major player in Africa country. It is considered as the provider of best services. It is also number one service brand in india. so because of having an image of respectful brand it is having a huge profit and they are having a profit margin. So its become an important part of value chain as it is providing value to the firm. So we can put this in technological advancement as because of good provider of services and technology it becomes a favourable brand.

African American Politicians

During the reconstruction era over two thousand African Americans served in federal, state, and local offices. Information on these individuals is difficult to find, seeing as during this time black lawmakers were condemned as subhuman, and in no need of documentation. Eric Foner, author of Black Politicians in the Reconstruction Era, stated that of the two thousand he only found about 1465 for his book. A great deal of the information on these men and the offices they held was obscure and incorrect. Many scholars had false information about the education level of these African American lawmakers. For example, many scholars claimed that most black delegates to the Georgia convention were illiterate, actually twenty-two of these thirty-seven could read and write. This was impressive seeing as it was against the law in many states for African Americans to be taught how to read or write. The basic research on these politicians was not done because these scholars thought they knew all they needed to know. These lawmakers were black; many were ex-slaves, so they must have been ignorant, corrupt, and incompetent, this was the stereotype, but it was not so! Many of the African American leaders saw fit to educate themselves. Men like John Roy Lynch, who took time off from his photographer†s studio to observe a white classroom from across an alley. He continued this until he had mastered all of the classes taught there. Situations like this show the desire and determination these men had to learn. He used this training to become speaker of the Mississippi house and later a member of congress. These are only two of the many examples of African Americans who self educated themselves in a time when African Americans were banned from education. Others did have a formal education. In South Carolina, State Treasurer Francis L. Cardozo attended Glasgow and London. He was a minister in New Haven and a principal for the School for Blacks in Charleston. These were better credentials than some white politicians had. Economically black politicians were in no way reaping the monetary rewards that Conservatives and white carpetbaggers enjoyed. While African Americans status impressive compared to other freedmen, most could not translate political power into a share of the economic growth of their states. Even prominent leaders such as Hiram Revels, who was the first the first black man to serve in the United States Senate sometimes found it necessary to take small loans from white politicians to meet every day expense. The reconstruction era was a difficult time for African American politicians. In a time when negative stereotypes where all too common, and the color of your skin determined your level of intelligence in the eyes of many. Black leaders had to work twice as hard to accomplish half as much. An extremely relevant point, and a credit to the African American politicians was the fact that there was a very small amount of vindictiveness in their actions and words. They had no dreams or desires to take advantage, or become greedy with the power they were beginning to acquire. They seemed more fixated on receiving what they thought they were entitled to. Beverly Nash, a member of the South Carolina convention, asserted in his first speech, â€Å"the white man is a true friend of the black man. He went on to say, â€Å"I you could see the scroll of the society that banner represents, you would see the white man and the black man standing with their arms locked together, as the type of friendship we desire. † Even when some leaders such as Henry McNeal Turner, who was almost universally disliked by whites, still did what he could to assist in helping the white economy recover its economic strength. Even after all that was done to them, the black leaders held no resentment, and worked for the benefites of blacks and whites as a whole. In conclusion, there are many misconceptions about African American leaders during the era of reconstruction. From their level of education, to the positions they held, and the lifestyles they lead. Black leaders were equally, if not more qualified than their white counter parts for political positions. Unfortunately they were not being compensated in the same manner as the white politicians.

Concepts of orientalism and self- orientalism are no longer relevant Essay

Concepts of orientalism and self- orientalism are no longer relevant to discussions of media produced by non-western organisations in the Global South. Discuss - Essay Example he West concerning the East (or the Global South which is another term referring to all other countries apart from the elite west) created a form of cultural hegemony and domination. These western discourses often present cultural and ideological justification for colonization of the â€Å"Third World† countries and European imperialism. This paper presents a comprehensive examination of Orientalism, including its’ complex and multifaceted creature capable of evolving into other forms such as self-Orientalism, especially in media texts (Freire, 2000:145). The paper also presents several reasons why the self-Orientalism and Orientalism are not important anymore in the discussion of media from Global South by non-western organizations. Critics of the West argue that the region, through a Eurocentric viewpoint, has positioned itself at the centre of the world, exploiting other communities and countries through imposing cultural transformation and change either through Orientalist discourses parallel to imperialist objectives or colonialist movements. The West further fictionalizes the image of the â€Å"orient† in scientific terms by using social sciences such as philology, anthropology, and history, as well as launching propaganda that encompass cinema, painting, literature, and other art fields in effort to actualize this fiction. The orient image created first by scientific terms then socially, thus become engraved in the memory of both the Easterners and the Westerners (Rivero, 2006). These internalized Orientalist discourses and viewpoints cause Westerners to perceive and see Easterners from the image created in their memory. On the other hand, Easterners express and represent themselves from the percep tions of the West and fictionalized image of the West. Therefore, the East tries to shape and conceptualize itself into the â€Å"orient image† fictionalized by the West to gain acceptance, subsequently reproducing Orientalist discourse by reproducing and

International Energy Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Energy Policies - Essay Example The energy policies formulated by various nations throughout the globe chiefly focuses upon various important areas. The vital areas entail the mitigation of greenhouse gases, valuing the advantages which are obtained from various energy sources and most importantly investing particularly in the energy sectors of the developing nations (France, 2012). Structuring of energy policies is considered to be quite important as energy is known to serve as a vital factor in the financial as well as social activities in different industrialised nations. Moreover, the energy policies extensively pose an influence on the aspect of economic development and defending the safety of the citizen’s at large (Flavin & Aeck, n.d). In this discussion, the harmonisation of the 3 â€Å"E† which includes economic growth, energy supply security and environmental settings along with different factors relating to energy supply and demand will be taken into deliberation. Moreover, analysing the affect of the mentioned factors on the global energy policies, a balanced view of whether these procedures can be regarded as sustainable in the long-term will also to be depicted in the discussion. According to various realistic theories, it has been noted that the chief challenge of every energy policy decision remains to be the harmonisation of the 3 â€Å"E† which consists economic growth, energy security and environmental settings. A clean, affordable, resourceful and a reliable source of energy are supposed to be quite crucial for promoting worldwide prosperity. The developing nations requires to expand their access towards identifying modern as well as reliable energy sources in order to enhance public health, trim down the poverty level by a certain extent, augment productivity, improve competitiveness and most importantly to promote and boost financial growth. The existing modern energy systems are

Begin the paper by identifying some of the basic aspects of Research

Begin the by identifying some of the basic aspects of interpersonal communication identified in Chapter 1 (you choose whic - Research Paper Example Basic Aspects of Interpersonal Communication Interpersonal skills have so many aspects but we will look into the main four aspects. One of its basic aspects is that they are inescapable. No one lacks interpersonal skills whether good or bad. The only time one can escape is them is by choosing not to communicate at all which is not possible. People communicate daily, consciously and subconsciously. Communication occurs not only through words but also through facial expressions, posture, tone voice, and gestures among others (Wood, 2013). A number of times you hear people talk about taking back their words or statements but in a real sense, the damage or good it meant to achieve has already been achieved and it is inevitable remains. Interpersonal skills are irreversible. The impact or effect made by a word, gesture, posture or any other communication channel cannot be reversed even when the person communicating says he takes back his words. Once communicated, it cannot be swallowed ba ck (Wood 2013). Interpersonal communication is also complicated. It does not matter whether one is using words, gestures, postures, facial expressions, or whatever channel to communicate, none of them is easy. This is so because of the variables that are involved. Theorists have it there is a minimum of six people involved in every communication; who the communicator thinks he is, who he thinks the other person is, who the communicator thinks the other person thinks he is, who the other person thinks he is, who the other person thinks the communicator is and who the other person thinks the communicator thinks he is. Another thing that complicates communication is that people only swap symbols that stand for ideas and not the ideas. In other words, no two people use the same gesture, word, facial expressions, or posture to mean exactly the same thing (wood, 2013). The last aspect of interpersonal skills is that it is contextual. Communication cannot happen in isolation. It therefore involves several contexts. One of the contexts of communication is the psychological context. This is who the communicator and the communicated are and what he brings to the interaction. It includes their desires, personality, values, and others. The situational context deals with the psychosocial area where the communication is taking place. A conversation in a hospital is different from one in a restaurant. Relational context involves one's reaction to the other person they are communicating with. Environmental context is concerned with the physical area where the communication is taking place. Examples of factors I this context are time, temperature, noise level, season among others. The last context is the cultural context. This one involves rules and behaviors learned that affect the interaction (Wood 2013). Self-Disclosure and Interpersonal Communication Any form of purposeful verbal or non-verbal communication that exposes something about oneself to someone else is self-discl osure. It could be in the way we talk about ourselves, how we dress, and many other ways. Whether superficial or deep, self-disclosure does have both positive and negative effects of interpersonal relations. It has a positive effect for interpersonal relations if it works out well. However, when it does not turn

Central line infection in hospitals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Central line infection in hospitals - Essay Example A further sense of dissatisfaction exists in the presences of barriers. There exist many barriers. However, since nursing is a broad field, some of the barriers are out of control and the nurse cannot do anything about them. However, in this context, the nurse is the key object and thus ha control over this. (Berger & Luckmann, 1966). The most evident barrier in effective communication is in occupational culture. An experienced nurse develops a strong passion in a ward practice. This is because there is constant communication sharing of experiences with patients. However, the occupational or ward culture is a barrier in the sense that most nurses allow one individual to generate ideas so that they can follow. This denies them the chance to exploit their potential by interacting directly with patients. The journal is a peer-reviewed with the capability to address current clinical matters. The authors give their best reasons as to why each person has a role to play in establishing a healthy environment. In this discussion, my clinical problem is ineffective communication skills. Already, the occupational structure is the pervasive barrier. However, they give emphasis on everybody’s responsibility in ensuring effective communication. Their use of the Parse’s Theory of Human Becoming makes it a reliable reference. In their article, Chant ET. Al. (2002) addresses the communication skill problem using effective examples. Having based their findings on a research about the nursing education; England, they give the best arguments. While disclosing the problem using literature knowledge, they as well give barriers that make communication a real barrier. In addition, they provide strategies on how to handle this clinical problem. This publication is a manual that helps in developing a hypothesis for a clinical question. Its descriptive

Western Classical music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Western Classical music - Essay Example y, which is very different from â€Å"Messiah† by George Frideric Handel which is an example of a baroque music with so much emotions attached to it and less instrumentation. The need to distinguish words more clearly in the music from all that instrumentation and to put emotion into the music was what necessitated baroque music to be developed during that era. The music was developed soon after renaissance music era ended and the start of this new era marked the beginning of emotion-revoking classical music which had other different musicians from the preceding era (Hall, 265). Compare the careers of Bach and Handel. How were they similar and how were they different? Talk about where they worked their reputations during their lifetimes, and the kind of music they wrote. Did Handel write types of music Bach didnt? Handel’s music career had first been hindered by his parents but his talent led them to change their mind. Bach was from a musician’s family and his singing was nurtured from a tender age. Both of these men loved classical music and they also had a rough patch before they became famous and reputable in music. Both had to teach music though in different countries and later on stopped the teaching. Handel was a violinist who worked in London and concentrated more on oratorios than operas towards the end of his career. Bach on the other hand was a music director in Leipzig. Handel had more reputation than Bach although Bach became famous after his death. Handel wrote operas and finally oratorios while Bach wrote orchestra music (Hall,

Comparative Analysis of John Rawls Justice as Fairness and Irving Essay - 15

Comparative Analysis of John Rawls Justice as Fairness and Irving Kristols A Capitalist Conception of Justice - Essay Example The flaw with this argument is that an individual gets economically rewarded for those attributes of his personality that he did not cultivate, evolve or learn of his own industry and enterprise. In other words, talents in rendering music, mathematical ability and good looks, etc are to a large extent genetically determined. So what we see here is a subtle form of Eugenics. There are also shades of Social Darwinism attached to Kristol’s hypothesis, wherein the capitalist system will eliminate those individuals who are unable to contribute to the economy. It is also impetuous of Kristol to state that â€Å"luck† is a valid determinant of human dignity. To imply that the indignation suffered by those living in absolute poverty is a matter of bad fortune while the luxuries enjoyed by the rich minority are attributable to an element of good luck is too simplistic an argument to make. In making a comparison between â€Å"social justice† and â€Å"capitalism† Kr istol mentions how capitalism is neither egalitarian nor authoritarian. One gets an impression that there is no virtue in aspiring for an egalitarian society and that authoritarianism is inherently defective. Both the conceptions are false. Secondly, authoritarianism is not a decadent concept as the author would have us believe. There are objections to this line of argument. First of all, isn’t it a universal principle of justice and decency that no section of humanity should be living in absolute poverty?

Who was Henrietta Lacks Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Who was Henrietta Lacks - Coursework Example The doctor had previously tried to grow a series of human cells, but they all ended in failure. Henriettas cells however did not die. Henrietta died less than a year later, and she was buried on her familys land. Her family had no idea that part of her was still surviving and developing in scientific laboratories from John Hopkins to several areas of the world. Thirty-seven years after Henriettas death, Rebecca Skloot through her Biology instructor, learned of HeLa (Skloot 80). She learned that HeLa was the first ever immortal human cell line. Rebeccas interest sparked, and she took on a life-changing research project that took her over ten years to complete. Henrietta Lack’s cell completely changed the medical world. Her cell led to medical and scientific breakthroughs. Moreover, it brought to question policies concerning patients’ rights. Her surviving children soon became aware of their mother’s surviving cell through Rebecca Skloot (Skloot 250). Deborah reali zed that her mother’s cell developed a multi-billion industry. What is more, a relationship between Deborah and Rebecca developed. All these events marked Henrietta’s legacy and Immortality (Skloot

Capital Punishment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Capital Punishment - Research Paper Example The final results were seven votes for Georgia Supreme Court and two votes against. The court in a seven to two decision stated that a death penalty did not violate the Eight and the Fourteenth Amendment under all circumstances. In extreme cases, when the defendant has been convicted of killing another person in a deliberate fashion, the appropriateness of death penalty is robust, provided it is carefully employed. There was an assurance of death penalty statute in Georgia’s Supreme Court by several jury findings as associated with the severity of the crime and the nature of the defendant as well as a comparison with each of the circumstances of the capital sentences. The court stated that capital punishment imposition with careful scrutiny acted as a useful deterrent to future capital crimes and that it was a proper means of the social retribution against the most serious offenders (Gregg v. Georgia, 1975). If the main concept behind death penalty is to put the dead person to justice, then no form of genteel behavior should be shown to the condemned person. â€Å"If our motive in executions is revenge or even instant punishment, let's let the bastards suffer as much as possible. â€Å"Let them fry," as some proponents of capital punishment say. Why bother to put them to sleep?† (R.E.B., 1996, p.2) It is also stated in the article that Americans favor capital punishment even if by a small margin. It must also be mentioned that there were some instances where seven innocent men were awarded the sentence but were set free after spending considerable time in prison (R.E.B., 1996, p.2). In a separate case of McCleskey v. Kemp (1987), McClesky was a black man who was convicted of killing... This essay describes the controversial issue of the capital punishment that is present in modern society today. The researcher describes the history of the capital punishment in different countries and cultures as well as debates on the necessity of such possibility. The researcher states that death sentence is an arguable phenomenon in our times, but it can become the only form of imparting justice in some rarest of the events. Though it may appear immoral and uncivilized in the high tech society of today, it helps in sending a strong message to the society. In some cases, the capital punishment also helps in relieving the inmate of the agony to wait for years deciding his fate. The essay presents that there are instances where people had begged to be executed as a form of moral liberation for their sins, and in of the cases discussed in this essay by the researcher, there is an instance of pure discrimination. As it is also mentioned in the essay as the highest form of all punishme nts, the jury needs to be extremely careful in awarding its sentences. It is important that no innocent must be killed for the sake of protecting the law. Justice must be done fairly at all times, considering both the defendant and the prosecution sides. It is also concluded by the researcher that death sentences are awarded to cleanse the society of social evils. It is also important to remember that the jury needs to ensure that it does not send a wrong signal to the society by building a silent anger amongst the people.

Frq Articles of Confederation Essay Example for Free

Frq Articles of Confederation Essay The Articles of Confederation from 1781 to 1789 did not provide the United States with an effective form of government because of its problems in terms of domestic policy, foreign policy, and economics. Domestic policy, or the set of decisions that a government makes relating to things that directly affect the people in its own country, was not adequate enough to solve strife between states. The Articles stated that state legislatures chose representatives for the house, rather than the people themselves. This began to lean toward the British practices of virtual representation, which the U. S. fought a war to be rid of. Another problem was that each state only received one vote, which was unfair to the larger states with a greater population. With a super majority required to pass laws, almost no laws were passed because no one was able to agree. The lack of federal courts also made it difficult to solve disputes, more specifically those between states, making them all grow more independently rather than as a unified nation. Foreign policy was a mess under the Articles of Confederation. The states were unwilling to give up their land and power as they were afraid that is the federal government gained any more power then they would return to a monarchical type system. With no president, there was no figure to enforce laws or make negotiate with other countries, and the governors were only concerned with the welfare of their own state, preventing the states from becoming more unified. Because the federal government lacked any power, it was impossible to solve the problem with the Mississippi river and fishing rights, and there was no one to stop Shays Rebellion. This lack of power caused great fear that the British could easily come and take us over once again. Massive debts had piled up from the Revolution and from starting a new country, so states were looking for a way to pay them off. They began printing their own currency, only to cause massive inflation and difficulties trading both with other nations, and even from state to state. This inability to trade caused further problems, and they went into a recession. This all resulted from states holding most of the power, rather than their being a balance between state and federal. As the states did not want to lose their power, they would not give up any land to the federal government even if it were to pay off some of its debts. Congress did not have the ability to tax, causing further economic strain and making it difficult to pay off their many debts.

Principles Of Management Nokia Marketing Essay

Principles Of Management Nokia Marketing Essay When Nokia phones were first introduced, they needed a lot of promoting and advertising because they were not recognized enough to sell based on their quality and offers to their consumers, so this is where Nokia spent the biggest quantity of money promoting their goods and establishing their brand as a leader in the communications market. These refer to government policies, regulations and legal issues in the country of operation. For example, employment laws, taxation policy and government stability. Political decisions can impact on many important areas for business such as the education of the workforce, the nation health and the quality of the economy infrastructure such as the road and rail system. Legal constraints, such as 3G, must be considered because many businesses plan to make a profit so they may be tempted to misinform their customers about pricing, products quality and the availability of their goods. Also, they may try to cut expenses by using lower quality materials in their products, such as weaker resources for Nokia cases and batteries. Also some companies may set out their waste in ways that harm the environment without ensuring high standards of hygiene and safety in the workplace. Including, outlet stores, which are illegal and can cause legal problems for companies. In 2000, the UK Government started to accept bids from thirteen companies who wanted to run a licence to sell next-generation mobile phones. It raised  £22.47, a neat sum to anybody. Some businesses see profits as more valuable than a strong ethical code and this can run behavior and business conduct. Some unethical practices are illegal and companies can not become involved in them. However there are also some practices that are legal by law but are considered highly unethical by the consuming public. Companies who take on in these practices can lose a lot of market share if they are caught. For example, cosmetic testing on animals is legal, but some of the general public arent happy about it and boycott. Because of this companies, companies must be very cautious about how they conduct themselves. In the communications market, technology is most probably the most important factor that companies like Nokia have to take into account. They must keep up to date with all the newest technological advances, such as camera and video phones, if they intend to obtain the biggest market share and keep ahead of their competitors, such as Sony and Panasonic.

Function Of The Cardiovascular System

Function Of The Cardiovascular System In this assessment i will be writing about that structure and function of the cardiovascular system. The cardiovascular system includes the heart, blood vessels, blood and the lymphatic system. The heart is an organ that is a none fatiguing muscle; it passes amino acids and other key nutrients. It transports other gases like oxygen and hormones. It carries waste products and then they are removed from the body, as well as that it transports de oxygenated gases and this is then expired. There are 5 functions of the heart these functions are: transporting of nutrients, delivery of oxygen to working muscles, removal of waste produce, distributing key hormones and to transport De-oxygenated blood to the lungs. -Transporting of nutrients this is one of the important functions of the heart because it has to deliver nutrients to our working muscles. These nutrients are carried via plasma and plasma is in our blood. This is important because the muscles need to be supplied with energy and this energy is called glucose. This is needed for sports with short explosive movements like basketball. Glucose is also delivered with oxygen, and this slows that rate of the muscle fatiguing. -Removal of waste produce The Cardiovascular system removes waste products such as Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Lactic Acid from the muscle tissues. If the lactic acid doesnt get removed from your muscles then you will feel stiff and sore the next day and your muscles will not be able to perform as well as they did the day before. -Distributing hormones Endocrine system is where the hormones are produced it is then transported in blood. This is made from the bone marrow witch is found in the centre of bones. Plasma is made up of about 53-56% blood; it contains proteins, carbon dioxide, ions and blood cells. This is important when it comes to sport because it prepares us for sport and adrenaline is produced, when adrenaline is released the athletes heart rate will increase and will get them ready for the sport. A sporting example in basketball would be at the start of an important game when the players are anxious of nervous. Transport De-oxygenated blood to the lungs the cardiovascular system also transports de-oxygenated blood to the lung and it is then expired. The pathway of this is as followed: Blood enters the heart via the superior vena cava, flows into the right ventricle passing though the tricuspid valve. As soon as the right ventricle is full this valve then snaps shut to stop back flow , it is important that there is no back flow because if oxygenated and de-oxygenate blood was to mix then the working muscles would not be getting any oxygen and would fatigue. Also it would starve the brain and you would pass out. Following on with the journey, the right ventricle it then flows via the pulmonary artery (this is the only artery that carries de oxygenated blood) the blood is then defused in the lungs and becomes oxygenated. This is a very important function as out muscles need as much oxygen as possible to function at their optical level. -Blood Red blood cells theses are also called Erythrocytes these are used to carry oxygen around the body by Haemoglobin. They also transport other nutrients round our body that it requires. They take up oxygen in the lungs or gills and release it while squeezing through the bodys capillaries. These cells cytoplasm is rich in haemoglobin, an iron-containing bimolecular that can bind oxygen and is responsible for the bloods red colour. The Cardiovascular system carries white blood cells also called leukocytes, around our body which provides immunity from invading organisms. By having white blood cells in our body this stops us becoming seriously ill from illnesses, for example leukaemia, flu or just a cold .As our body is able to fight against it keeping the flu to a minimum. -platelets Platelets are sticky fragments of cells. Like blood they are produced in the bone marrow. The function of platelets is to control bleeding and to form scabs. Thrombocytes do this by sticking together in cuts making tiny fibres grow. Our red cells get trapped within the individual fibres and form a blood clot. This blood clot then turns into a scab. -Heart Important parts of the Heart which help the cardiovascular system work. the heart has a left and right side, separated by a wall of muscle called the septum. Blood from your body enters the right side of your heart through veins. The blood is dark because it has given all its oxygen to your body. The right side of the heart pumps the blood through the pulmonary artery to your lungs to pick up oxygen. After travelling through the lungs, the blood turns bright red because it is rich in oxygen. The oxygen-rich blood then returns to the left side of your heart and is pumped out to your body through the large artery called the aorta. The cardiovascular system can be affected with intense training. This would have a positive affect on training. Endurance training would increase the left ventricle wall. This is called hypertrophied. Basically this means that the heat does not have to work as hard to pump the blood around the heart because it is stronger, but it still pumps the right amount of oxygen and blood to the working muscles. If you were to do this training then your resting heart rate would be decreased. But over time if you was to stop training then your heart would reduce in size over time. But this could be bad if you were to do too much intense training because the heart would get to bug and your resting heart rate would be too low, if it was under 30BPM then it could be life threatening this is called hypertrophic cardiomypathy. TE-Lymphatic system diagram.svg Part of the immune system is the lymphatic system which is made up of a network of conduits that carry a clear fluid called lymph (from Latin lympha water). It also includes the lymphoid tissue and lymphatic vessels through which the lymph travels in a one-way system in which lymph flows only toward the heart. Lymphoid tissue is found in many organs, particularly the lymph nodes, and in the lymphoid follicles associated with the digestive system such as the tonsils. The system also includes all the structures dedicated to the circulation and production of lymphocytes, which includes the spleen, thymus, bone marrow and the lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive system. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system Another function of the cardiovascular system is the regulation of body temperature, this is controlled by homeostasis. Homeostasis is the state of inner balance and stability maintained by the human body despite constant changes in the external environment. It also works by filtering the blood and removing a carefully regulated amount of water and wastes to the lungs working together with the heart, blood vessels, and blood to distribute oxygen throughout the body and remove wastes. It includes monitoring the water balance in the body, controlling blood sugar, body temperature control and monitoring of urea in the blood. All these processes are controlled by mechanisms such as sensors that detect the factor value. Another mechanism is the correction mechanism involving a negative feedback. Control of body temperature is controlled constriction and dilation of blood vessels, which is demonstrated in the body through vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Vasodilation involves the dilation of the blood vessels to release excess heat therefore blood will flow quickly/faster to the muscles. The vessels are widening in diameter so more blood can flow through. Vasoconstriction involves the constriction of the blood vessels to keep in any heat therefore blood will flow slowly to the muscles. The vessels are reducing in diameter so less blood can flow through.

Communication Science vs. Semiotics :: Communication Science

Communication Science vs. Semiotics Marcel Danesi says that "communication theorists generally focus more on the study of message-making as a process, whereas semioticians center their attention more on what a message means and on how it creates meaning" (Messages and Meanings: An Introduction to Semiotics, 1994). He implies that both communication science and semiotics are systematic studies of signs. Interestingly, Danesi comments that semiotics studies signification first and communication second. Danesi's definitions and distinctions about communication science and semiotics captured my interest because of the way he draws the line between to areas of study that are very closely related. In this paper I will try to elaborate on those differences. I have to admit that until now I am not completely convinced about the way to distinguish among semiotics and communication science. However, I believe that it is worth the effort. Reflection about these topics will help me and possibly the reader to understand them better. We are in broad information age. The handling of information is definitely the main commercial activity of our days. We are all consumers of information at different levels. Most of us also have to either manage, process, market, deliver or sell information as a way of living. Information is wrapped in all kinds of packages, or better said it is delivered through all kinds of media. All kinds of messages are delivered to all kinds of audiences. Information is the core element of communication science and probably of semiotics as well. I consider information to be the raw material for message construction and the creation of meaning. Signs are a collection of bits and pieces of information. Information is what we decipher from signs. Notice that decoding has to be performed because some sort of coding is always a part of the "creation" of a sign. Even iconic signs which are "a direct representation of a referent" as defined by Danesi, have to be encoded in order to make them deliverable through any given medium. Let us take for example a flower as a referent. An iconic representation of a flower could be a hand drawing, a painting or a color picture. From the least iconic (the drawing) to the most iconic (the color picture) representation coding of information (i.e. shape, texture, color) is necessary to create a sign. A perfume that smells "like" a flower is also an iconic representation of the real object.

Herman Melville Essay -- Biography

Many American novelists appeared during the harsh times that slavery existed. Herman Melville was one of them. Dying as one of the most unknown authors, his works came again and had major success. Despite not gaining major success during Melville’s time and receiving harsh criticism as well, Herman Melville remains one of the most important American novelists for his use of reoccurring themes and discrete symbols within his works. Born in New York in August 1819 (Szumski 13), Melville was full of imagination and his father’s treasures added to his creative mind (Robertson 33). Melville’s father was extremely successful, therefore giving Melville an advantage in life at an early age (Szumski 14). When his father passed shortly after the downfall of his company, Melville got multiple jobs to provide for his poor family (Szumski 14). Melville was just 12 when his father had passed away (Szumski 13). He felt even more pressure due to his older brother’s achievements as he already struggled with the desire to gain acceptance (Robertson 34). Herman Melville attended a strict New York Male High School and, ironically, struggled at a young age to read and write (Bengtsson). He had difficulty gaining approval of family members and his father once said, â€Å"Your little protà ©gà © Herman, although a monitor at the High School, is rather indisposed this evening.† (Robertson 35). Regardless of the negative feedback towards Melville himself, he never gave up trying to win the acknowledgement and acceptance of his family (Padilla). At just 20 year old, Melville went on his first journey across the sea; this was the start of his significant inspiration for years to come (Robertson 34). Sailing from New York to Liverpool would begin t... ...layed out in his lifetime (Spark notes). Some say that Benito Cereno is expressing Melville’s apprehensiveness on the topic of slavery and slavery itself (Spark notes). People overall felt great rigor in his works with the way Melville presented his characters and the motives of those characters (Bloom 33). They had a good idea that the readers of Melville were represented as the lawyer in Benito Cereno. Many of his readers noted that many of the characters had multiple sides to themselves which made it difficult to follow along. Although some found it hard to keep up with, they still pointed out many uses of Melville as a hidden symbol (Bloom 34). Although Melville went through troubling times and received harsh criticism, his works will remain some of the best novels ever written because of their unique structure, basis, and inspiration for his stories.

Politics and Money Essay -- What is Politics?

The late Alabama governor George Wallace once said, "There's not a dime's worth of difference between Republicans and Democrats." Both Republicans and Democrats agree on taking our money. Where they differ is what to spend it on. A Democrat agrees to take our earnings and give them to cities and poor people. A Republican agrees to take our earnings and give them to farmers and failing businesses. Republicans have dominated both houses of Congress since 1994, a year when federal spending was $1.5 trillion. Less than a decade later federal spending in 2002 was over $2.1 trillion, a 37 percent increase. Some politicians might argue that the war on terrorism has been responsible for the massive spending increase. That's nonsense! According to a recent report titled Most New Spending Since 2001 Unrelated to the War on Terrorism by Brian Riedl, a research fellow at the Heritage Foundation, over half of all new spending since 2001 has been unrelated to defense and the 9/11 attacks. Just from 2001 through 2003, federal spending increased $296 billion, of which: $100 billion (34%) went to national defense; $32 billion (11%) went to 9/11 costs, such as homeland security, International aid, and rebuilding damage done by the 9/11 attacks. About · $164 billion (55%) went to spending completely unrelated to either defense or terrorist attacks. Most of the spending represents government t aking the earnings of one American and giving it to another American. Such acts are little more than legalized theft. How did legalized theft become so acceptable for it is not part of our history? Let's look at some of that history. In 1794, James Madison, the acknowledged father of our Constitution, wrote disapprovingly of a $15,000 appropriation for Fren... ...e; it's the American people. Politicians are elected to office on the promise that they will deliver to one group of Americans the earnings that belong to another group of Americans or they will confer a special privilege on one group of Americans that will be denied another. A politician who disavows this practice will not be elected or if elected run out of office and the reason is simple. If a politician doesn't use his office to deliver another American's earnings to his constituency, it doesn't mean that his constituency will pay lower federal taxes. It only means another state's citizens will enjoy the loot. Thus, when legalized theft becomes routine it pays for everyone to participate. Those not participating will end up as losers. While becoming a recipient of stolen property is optimal for the individual, it spells devastation for the nation as a whole.

Fruit and vegetable consumption among young adults Essay

The World Health Organisation is predicting that chronic disease will account for over sixty per cent of deaths; with 41 million deaths by 2015.1 Up to 80% chronic disease could be prevented by eliminating tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and the harmful use of alcohol.2 Chronic disease and obesity in Australia are continuing to contribute to premature death and burden of disease.3 Cardiovascular disease and cancer remain the main causes of disease burden and type 2 diabetes prevalence has trebled in the last ten years and is expected to be the leading cause of disability and death by 2023.4 The rapid rise in diabetes incidence and prevalence is thought to be due to the rising rate of obesity.5 61% of Australian adults, using measured BMI are currently either overweight or obese6 , with younger age groups gaining weight more quickly than previous generations.7 Approximately 32% of Australia’s total burden of disease can be attributed to modifiable risk factors. 4 Considerable reductions in morbidity and mortality from diet-related diseases could be achieved if the population increases healthy eating behaviours including increasing the consumption of fruit and vegetables (FV).8 Fruit and vegetable consumption is strongly linked to the prevention of chronic disease and to achieving better overall health.9 Internationally up to 2.6 million deaths and 1.8 % of global burden of disease is attributable to low FV consumption. Inadequate FV intake in Australia is thought to be responsible for 2.1% of the overall burden of disease.10 Increasing individual FV intake could reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease by 31%.11 In particular reviews of studies have indicated that FVs reduce the risk of developing cancer12; cardiovascular disease13 and obesity.14,15 A meta-analysis of studies investigating FV intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes indicated no significant benefits for increasing FVs but an increase in green leafy vegetables could sign ificantly reduce the risk of Type 2 diabetes.16 The mechanism of action is thought to be related to their micronutrient, antioxidant, phytochemical and fibre content.17 Current recommendations for fruit and vegetable consumption Based on  available evidence the World Cancer Research Fund recommends eating at least 400g of non-starchy vegetables and fruits per day (2007).12 The Australian Dietary Guidelines recommend that Australians consume a minimum of two serves of fruit and five serves of vegetable daily.9 Current consumption patterns are well below these figures. Data on FV consumption in Australia is collected predominantly via validated short questions as part of the National Health Survey. This self reporting of FV consumption does incorporate a number of errors related to the ability of individuals to determine serve sizes18 and the validity and reliability of the short questions. Alternative measures of FVs, predominantly food frequency questionnaires have been determined for different age groups19, 20. For adults the most recent determination of FV intake indicates that only 56% of females and 46% of males over the age of 15 are eating t he recommended serves of fruit and 10% of females and 7% of males over the age of 15, are eating the recommended serves of vegetable daily. 15 The 2007 national children’s nutrition and physical activity survey used a combination of multipass 24 hour food recalls and food frequency and indicated that only 1-2% of older children were consuming three serves of fruit and only 1-11% of older children met the guideline for vegetable consumption21. In another survey specifically looking at young adults 34-43% of those aged 19-24 year olds met the daily fruit consumption guidelines of two serves a day but only 8-10% of young adults ate the recommended five serves per day of vegetable.3, 22 Low consumption of FVs is, therefore, an issue across the spectrum of age groups. While young adults do not necessarily have FV intakes any worse than older adults and children, the lack of overt medical problems has meant that the 18-24 year old age group have received little attention.23 Given that fewer young adults consume the recommended serves of vegetable, strategies that focus solely on vegetables would appear to be appropriate . Young adulthood is a critical age for weight gain24; and in the United States the transition from high school to college is a potential period of rapid weight gain increasing the risk of obesity in later adulthood.25 Chronic conditions are a significant challenge for Australia’s young people because these conditions can affect normal growth and development, quality of life,  long-term health and wellbeing, and successful participation in society, education and employment.3 Studies predominantly undertaken in the United States and Europe are contradictory with respect to whether food habits are positively or negatively affected in the transition to independence. In one study students living independently were more likely to consume a healthy diet than their counterparts living at home. Independent living may increase responsibility of various food-related activities such as budgeting, purchase, preparation and cooking which young adults living at home have not yet developed.26 Other research however indicates that dependent students consume more FVs – independent students may take more responsibility for their food choices while dependent students may be controlled by the primary care-givers.27 It should be noted that the transition from highschool to university in Australia is not necessarily marked by a move out of the family home as it does in the United States, Canada and parts of Europe. Living on campus or in university-provided accommodati on is only undertaken by a small percentage of students in Australia. In 2008, there were almost 3 million young people aged 15–24 years in Australia, accounting for 14% of the total population.3 In addition the majority of Australians who start a course at a higher education institution are aged between 15 and 34 years of age and in 2009 more than 45% of young adults aged 18-24 years were enrolled in a course of study leading to a degree or diploma qualification.28 Universities and other higher education institutions would therefore be an appropriate setting to target individuals in this age group. Determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption The National Public Health Partnership identified the primary determinants of FV consumption to inform the development of strategies.29, 30 These are outlined in the table below. Table 1 Identification of determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption Determinant Objectives Food supply Increase and sustain access to high quality, safe, affordable FVs Awareness Increase the proportion of the population aware of the need to increase consumption of FVs Attitude/Perceptions Increase the proportion of the population who perceive the benefits of FVs in terms of taste, convenience, low relative cost, safety and health. Knowledge Increase the proportion of the population with the knowledge of the recommended minimum intakes of FVs Skills to purchase and prepare Increase the proportion of the population with the knowledge, skills and confidence to select and prepare convenient low cost, tasty FV dishes For children, adolescents and adults, previous consumption or exposure to FVs, knowledge, awareness, preparation skills and involvement in food preparation, lack of time and taste preference have all been implicated in the consumption of FVs .31,32,33 From an environmental perspective, availability of FVs within home, school and community settings plays a significant role in promoting FV consumption.32, 34 Those who report eating home grown produce have significantly higher intakes of FVs while poor accessibility to shops and high FV prices have been shown to have a negative impact on FV consumption.35, 36 The presence of a major food retailer in an area has been associated with improved FV consumption.37 In Australia, the evidence is less clear-cut with those living in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas having similar opportunities to purchase FVs when compared to those in levels of higher advantage.38 Recent work has indicated that price and availability in disadvantaged areas are similar to those in more advantaged areas but that quality could be seriously compromised, which could impact purchasing behaviour.39 FV prices have been identified as a significant barrier in FV consumption with intakes among those of lower and middle socioeconomic positions more price responsive than their higher socioeconomic position counterparts (Powell et al 2009).40 The national public health partnership identified the lack of recognition of the low relative cost of FVs as a barrier to consumption.29 However, given the recent rapid increase in FV prices identified by the Australian Bureau of Stati stics (15.5% increase for  fruit and 11.4% increase for vegetables in the December 2010 quarter) the perception of cost now may be a reality and a significant barrier to consumption.41 For young adults at university many of the determinants described above are applicable. In addition, access to cooking facilities and equipment, increased availability of unhealthy and convenience foods choices, lack of access to transport, cost of food, lack of time to prepare and to shop, lack of knowledge and of cooking skills were all identified as barriers to FV consumption.42, 43 Given the increased mobility of young adults a focus on home or school may not be sufficient. Recent research indicates that 40% of eating occasions for young adults were on average 6.7 miles (10.5 km) away from their primary place of residence regardless of whether they were living with care-givers or independently.44 This being the case proximity may play a relatively minor role in an individual’s food choices. Instead decisions may be based on a complex web including food quality, pricing, variety, availability, travel patterns, social or cultural influences and various other factors.44 Strategies Based on the determinants and using the Ottawa Charter as a framework, strategies can be divided into two primary categories those that build personal skills and those that create supportive environments. The majority of interventions have not been undertaken with the target group but rather with children (primarily in school settings) and adults. Work with the young adult age group however has highlighted that there is a general lack of understanding about motivators25 but that negative health outcomes are not particularly relevant and the focus should be more on taste.45 Social and environmental cues, on the other hand, could be especially significant.46 In Australia, the broadest population campaign has been Go for 2 and 5. This media campaign began in Western Australia and has since been implemented nationally and in each individual state. The campaign primarily aimed to increase FV consumption through the increased awareness and knowledge of the benefits of FVs, ways to cook FVs and serve size awareness. Evaluation has indicated that the campaign was successful in reaching the target audience and achieving increased awareness of recommended serves of FVs. The Western Australian campaign achieved an average increase of 0.5 of a serve.28 Primary target groups have been children and adults, adolescents and young adults have not been a focus. Education strategies have included embedding curricula in primary and secondary schools and providing regular newsletters to increase knowledge.47 For children and adolescents other successful strategies focus on creating supportive environments combined with elements of education including the provision of free or subsidised fruit either directly or through the provision of tasting programs, snacks, gardening or cooking. 47,48, 49, 50 Within more community settings, interventions have included point of purchase information, reduced pricing, promotion and advertising and increased availability and variety.51 However, there is little evaluation of the effectiveness of these strategies for improving fruit and vegetable consumption in the wider community. Very few of these interventions have been trialled with young adults as the target group. For the few programs that have focussed on young adults the strategies have centred on the development of personal skills through the provision of education either as on-line individualised programs25; tailored individualised counselling52; newsletters promoting FV intake23; and via a general nutrition course to enable students to move from knowledge to application.53 All of these showed modest short term increases in FV intake, a lack of data means that long term establishment of behaviour has not been determined. Based on the available evidence there is a need to focus on increasing fruit and vegetable consumption among young adults. Given the large numbers of young adults at tertiary institutions – universities are an appropriate setting. There are few strategies that particularly focus on young adults in the Australian context. However, based on the underlying determinants, strategies should focus on improving knowledge, awareness and preparation skills, changing taste preferences, increasing availability of FVs within local settings, reducing the cost of FVs in selected settings. The development of a comprehensive, multi-strategy program specifically addressing increased fruit and vegetable consumption is required in order to  improve general health outcomes and specifically reduce the risk of chronic disease. References 1. World Health Organisation. (2005). Preventing Chronic Diseases: A Vital Investment. World Health Organisation Geneva. 2. World Health Organisation. (2008). 2008-2013 Action Plan for the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases. World Health Organisation: Geneva. 3. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2010). Australia’s Health 2010. Canberra, AIHW. Australia’s Health Series no. 12. Cat. no. AUS 122. 4. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australia’s Health 2008. (2008). Australian Institute of Health and Welfare: Canberra. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10585. 5. Colagiuri, R., Colagiuri, S., Yach, D. and Pramming S. (2006). The answer to diabetes prevention: science, surgery, service delivery, or social policy? American Journal of Public Health 96.9:1562–9. 6. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2009). Summary of Results National Health Survey 2007-2008. Cat #: 4364.0 h ttp://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/4364.0Main%20Features42007-2008%20(Reissue)?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=4364.0&issue=2007-2008%20(Reissue)&num=&view= Accessed February 24th 2011 7. Allman-Farinelli, M.A., Chey, T., Bauman, A.E., Gill, T., and James, W. P. T. (2007). Age, period and birth cohort effects on prevalence of overweight and obesity in Australian adults from 1990 to 2000. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62: 898-907. 8. McCullough, M. L., Feskanich, D., Stampfer, M. J., Giovannucci, E. L., Rimm, E. B., Hu, F. B., Spiegelman, D., Hunter, D.J., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W.C. (2002). Diet quality and major chronic disease risk in men and women: moving toward improved dietary guidance. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 76(6): 1261-1271. 9. Department of Health and Ageing. (1998). Australian Guide to Healthy Eating. Canberra: DHA. 10. Begg S, Vos T, Barker B, Stevenson C, Stanley L & Lopez AD 2007. The burden of disease and injury in Australia 2003. AIHW cat. no. PHE 82. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 11. Lock, K., Pomerleau, J., Causer, L., Altmann, D.R., McKee, M. (2005). The global burden of disease attributable to low consumption of fruit and vegetables: implications for the global strategy on diet. Bulletin of the World Health Organization

Public finance and policy solution gruber Essay

Questions and Problems1. The regi get goingforce of Westlovakia has just reformed its hearty warranter organisation. This reform channeld two aspects of the carcass (1) It abolished its actuarial step-d induce for wee solitude, and (2) it rejectd the pay upsheet tax by half for baters who act to work beyond the aboriginal loneliness historic purpose. Would the aver long time seclusion senesce for Weslovakian workers affix or hang in receipt to these two heightens, or can you recite? Explain your answer.The first indemnity change, abolishing the actuarial step-down, would run for to wretcheder the average privacy age. The actuarial reduction is in goded to accommodate workers approximately indifferent mingled with past(a) archaean and waiting until beat c any back custodyt age. With the reduction, early lovees work a littler benefit over to a greater extent geezerhood. Abolishing that reduction would make early loneliness to a greater ex tent than attractive the benefits would be just as gamey as if workers had waited, and they would be pay over much than historic breaker point. The second indemnity change would ontogeny the return to works later in life and consequently would tend to raise the average hideaway age. The overall effect would depend on a quash of factors. If flock give the axe the prospective by enough (that is, attain a racy enough essential discount calculate), they bequeath tend to bonk early the benefit is immediate. sight who take a shit a kickoffer discount mark testament adopt to work monthlong at the lower tax vagabond. A second factor that would influence the construeing is the potential pull backes wellness status or personal (as un alike to statistical) life expectancy. Someone who believes he has a plum high probability of sprightliness long and well late in life leave behind be more than(prenominal) probably to opt for later solitude. A third fa ctor that ordain tend to extend theretirement age is that the early retirement effect is truncated at the age designated for eligibility thus far citizenry who need to retire early lead unless(prenominal) be commensurate to retire a few age earlier than ahead in prescribe to benefit. People who favor to retire later whitethorn retire some(prenominal) days aft(prenominal) the standard retirement age. 2. When you called her oddment night, your grandm separate confided that she is afraid(predicate) to sell her headquarters because doing so leave affect her tender certificate benefits. You told her that youd call her back as curtly as you rake Chapter 13. presently that youve read it, what exit you say to her ab come come on of the c lapset how her benefits forget change when she sells her house? cordial pledge benefits do non change with changes in the harbor of summations held by the beneficiary. The formula employ to calculate benefits under fond ce rtificate is erect on earned income completely. Your nans amic able-bodied-bodied warranter department benefits leave alone non be affected by the sales event of her house.3. Congressman Snicker has proposed a bill that would increase the number of historic period of honorarium counted when computing the tender security Average Indexed Monthly Earnings issue forth from 35 to 40. What would be the effects of this policy change on the retirement doings of workers? Would the mixer security trust blood balance increase or decrease? Why?Workers whitethorn work thirster if their best 40 geezerhood counted or else than their best 35. Generally, you would expect earned income to increase over a workers biography thus, the last several historic period be possible to yield high(prenominal) income than the first several years. Being adapted to count 5 more high-earning yearswould induce some workers to remain in the workforce to increase their calculated benefits if they did non work longer, that 40 years king include some very low or zippo-earning years (when the worker was in his or her twenties, possibly still in educate).Increasing the number of years of clams counted would sure increase the trust line balance if it ca utilize people to see their retirement people would be remunerative in longer and withdrawing for less years. Offsetting that increase would be the increased benefits paycapable by including 5 high-earning years in calculating benefits. This equilibrize whitethorn non be huge, though. The highest-earning workers would non increase their benefits by very a lot(prenominal) due to the redistri besidesive nature of the enumerations. Low-wage earners who begin zero or very-low-wage years among the 40 would get a line a lower average on which to nates the benefit calculation. In addition, by including 5 more years, people who did not delay retirement would hit an even lower calculated benefit their life average would include those low-wage summer or entry-level jobs.4. conceive of the tender hostage payroll tax was increased today to 16.4% in order to solve the 75-year fiscal dissymmetry in the computer chopine. Explain the effect of this change on the economic value of the cordial auspices program for persons of different ages, earning levels, and sexes.An increase in the payroll tax would reduce the value of mixer surety for issueer workers congenator to old workers. Older workers would benefit from having a more secure invent, and they wouldnt laden person to pay in at the higher(prenominal)(prenominal) rate for very long. Younger workers would occupy to pay the higher rate over many more years, and their benefit calculation would not increase (because the increase in taxes is meant to keep the current clay solvent, not to increase benefits). The very-highest-earning workers would not be harmed as overmuch as lower-earning workers because the payroll tax is n ot imposed on earnings above $87,900 (currently) however, their payroll tax lode would increase. Women generally benefit more from genial protective covering because they recognise longer than men. They atomic number 18 similarly more likely than men to micturate interrupted their cargoners to raise their families, so they tend to pay in less. They bealso more likely to suck in benefits as a surviving spouse. either of these factors would fall out to exist with a higher tax rate. The higher tax rate would be borne by the employed, not by those who grow benefits because of their survivor spouse status. 5. Senator dope proposes to offer a prize to future retirees Retire before age 70 and the benefits be calculated on the last 35 years of income if you retire at age 73, however, you receive benefits calculated on only the last 15 years of income. Which option atomic number 18 high-income workers likely to choose? Low-income workers? Why?A high-income worker may n ot benefit by much if he delays retirement until age 73, and he would overlook three years of benefits. He is likely to choose the earlier retirement age. Assuming no major work interruptions, which is perhaps a more fairish assumption for a high-wage earner than a low-wage earner, his benefits get out be calculated posteriord on his wage since he was in his mid-thirties. These argon likely to be fairly-high-earning years, as they begin a decade afterward a person would befool established his procreation. Because of the regressive nature of benefit calculations, the higher advantage of the last 15 years would yield a low fringy benefit. High-wage earners be also better able to let off for retirement in former(a) ways, so they may be able to expend retiring three years earlier. Low-wage earners will be more likely to delay retirement until age 73. They would miss three years of benefits, simply their benefits, in one case they do retire, will be higher if their income is higher in the last 15 years of work. This option will be in especial(a) attractive if these workers had some low- or zero-earning years over the course of their on the job(p) lives. In addition, calculated benefits atomic number 18 a higher percent ofaverage periodical wage for these workers, so they stand to lose less by functional more years.6. A recent discover found that people nearing retirement age were more likely to retire early if they experience braggart(a) break sucks (that is, choppy large increases) in the value of their homes. The author of that study close upd that this is recite that neighborly security measure and hole-and-corner(a) relieves are substitutes. What are the strengths and weaknesses of this argument and of the empirical evidence?It seems spontaneous that all sources of private wealth unite substitute for, or augment, social Security, particularly among higher-earning workers, because their kind Security benefits will not replac e as high a character of their pre-retirement wage. If affable Security benefits are expected to be a comparatively small component of post-retirement income, as may be the case for higher-earning workers, then the authoritative social Security retirement age mogul be less prestigious in retirement clock. A sudden increase in the market value of an asset (like housing) might be more influential in the timing finis. virtuoso uphold this scenario poses, though, is the direction of causality. The implication is that the windfall gain cause early retirement by giving the retiree more money on which to retire. However, retirement may have led to realization of the windfall gain. Increases in the value of a persons home are cognize upon the sale of that home. Perhaps people sold their homes and realized the gain because they were retiring and relocating. Even under this interpretation, though, the windfall gain would contribute to the retirees income, augmenting Social Security benefits.A second concern is that increases in home value are a relatively illiquid form of private nest egg. Extending this particular correlation coefficient (housing value and retirement) to a general rehearsal about private nest egg requires a bit of a leap of faith. entropy on other nest egg and enthronization value might help elucidate this interpretation. Perhaps these retirees had assured inflation in the housing market and include it in their retirement plan portfolioa portfolio that included assets and Social Security benefits.Finally, other correlates moldiness be considered. A windfall gain in the housing market may be correlated with geographic location, as housing aces can be topical anaesthetic anaesthetic in nature. A gain may also correlate to membership in a demographic group that tends to secure the kind of real e demesne that is to the highest degree likely to appreciate and that tends to retire early. suburban businessmen, for good example, may ten d to fall into both(prenominal) groups.7. Senator make bold suggests lowering Social Security benefits by lessen the order at which Average Indexed Monthly Earnings are converted to the Primary Insurance Amount. Senator blast instead proposes step-down the rate at which benefits are indexed to inflation so that when the Consumer expense Index rises by one percentage point, Social Security benefits rise by less than one percent. Which proposition will benefit the elderly more?Senator Dares suggestion at one time and certainly reduces the benefits gainful to retirees. Senator lead by the noses proposal would reduce the benefits little by little, and in unpredictable ways. In times of extremely low inflation, Senator Snows proposal would very gradually erode the spending power of retirees benefits checks. However, conceive of the plan were to increase benefits by, for example, 90% of the Consumer equipment casualty Index (CPI) to each one year. The following year,f the Cinflation-adjuste10. Dominitz, Manski, and Heinz (2003) resign survey evidence suggesting that young Americans are extremely uncertain about the likeliness that they will receive any Social Security benefits at all. How might demographictrends in the United States contribute to this concern?The virtually obvious trend in this regard is the aging of the fluff boom generation. Young Americans are aware that, in a few years, the baby boom generation will become an extremely large body of retired people. Exacerbating that retiree population bulge is the fact that people live longer now than they have in the past. Those baby boomers will be around for a long time, accumulation their Social Security checks. In addition, family sizes are smaller. Baby boomers may have vainglorious up with several siblings, but they had fewer children as adults. t presentfore, there will be fewer workers contributing for each baby boomer collecting.11. The Social Security plaque Web site has a ti e to a publication entitled Social Security Programs Throughout the World. The europiuman edition is online at http//www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2002-2003/europe/index.html. select any two countries in Europe and compare the key attributes of their social security programs. Which of these two countries do you consider will have the greater rate of early retirement? Why?Responses to this question will obviously depend on the countries chosen. There are fairly wide variations in the ages at which retirees become eligible for benefits in different countries. Retirement age is last(a) in Slovenia, at 58 for men and 54 for women. Other Eastern European countries, such as the Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, and Serbia, also have low ages of eligibility. These countries should see relatively low rates of retirement prior to the local age of eligibility, because eligibility occurs at relatively young ages. In contrast, the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Iceland, and Norway have the highest age of eligibility, 67. Holding health status catch across countries, countries in which eligibility occurs at older ages should experience higher rates of retirement prior to eligibility. It is difficult to generalize attached the different currencies and complex structures of individual countries rules. However, mostcountries generally domiciliate an amount pit to a percent of average work wage. Some calculate it based on a fairly short windowpane of working years in Serbia, for example, the base is calculated using the best ten consecutive years.Advanced Questions12. Suppose the Social Security brass becomes across-the-boardy privatized, so that all individuals but for their own retirements. get by two of the various alternative methods of paying(a) off the legacy debt of the program. ( sensation such example is double taxation of existing generations of workers.) par and contrast the benefits and drawbacks of each potential solution.An inescapable problem w ith the Social Security ashes is that it pays current retirees from current workers taxes. If current workers were to own their own Social Security accounts, there would be no prevail of money available to pay current retirees, as their deposits have already been paid to the earlier generation. By double taxing a single generation, the system could switch over, but members of that one generation would have to pay their parents benefits as well as investment company their own retirement accounts. That is a thoughtful burden to impose on them. However, it would only have to be done once. subsequent generations would simply fund their own retirement accounts.Another realizable solution would be to increase payroll taxes over a longer time period to retire the legacy debt over several generations, sequence allowing current and future generations to invest privately. The high taxes necessary to accomplish this solution, however, would offset much if not all of the gains from inve sting in higher-yielding stock funds. An alternative to increasing taxes is reducing benefits. Several options exist to accomplish this reduction. One way would be to increase the full benefits age of retirement and adjust early retirement benefits to be actuarially neutral. An advantage of doing this is that it adjusts Social Security rules to reflect longer and healthy lives among people in their sixties and seventies. non everyone in those age groups can celebrate to work, however, and this change would impose a cogency on them.In addition, there is something basically unfair about changing the rules of the program after people have been paying into it for their entire working lives. A standardised objection would be raised if the system were changed to reduce the benefits paid to the wealthy elderly. This undertake seems reasonable after all, those retirees who are wealthy do not need Social Security to stay out of beggary. tho they paid into the program and perceive it to be more of a pension than an anti-poverty program. making the program more ambitiously means-tested (as contrasted to just redistributive) changes the nature and perceived authenticity of Social Security. 13. Does Social Security provide much benefit in basis of aspiration smoothing over the retirement decision? Contrast Social Security with a different social insurance policy program, un physical exercise insurance, which provides income certify for half a year to individuals who have lost their jobs. Do you consider that unemployment insurance is likely to provide more or less use smoothing than Social Security?Unemployment insurance smooths outgo over discrete, fairly brief, unanticipated interruptions in work Social Security allows retirees to remain out of poverty after stopping work. Retirement is not a surprise. In the absence of Social Security (and even in its presence), people with foresight plan and save for retirement. Social Security payments alone are not e nough to allow retirees to husband their pre-retirement consumption level, but they do substantially reduce the number of retirees in poverty. The purpose of Social Security was not to allow retirees to maintain pre-retirement income (that is, to smooth consumption) but to help them suspend poverty. Unemployment insurance is much more explicitly aimed atconsumption smoothing between employment spells. It allows people to maintain their standard of alert over intermittent dips in income. Thus, Social Security provides less consumption smoothing than does unemployment insurance. 14. Edwards and Edwards (2002) take out evidence that following a social security reform in chile that reduced the implicit tax on working in the formal firmament, knowledgeable area honorarium rose. What do you think is the mechanism at work here?In equilibrium, prices and payment tend to equalize. In the case of Chile, if formal sector wages are particularly low, people will choose to work in the slack sector. One reason formal sector wages are low is that those wages are taxed. When tax rates are high, more people seek work in the untaxed, informal sector. However, when tax rates fall, as they did in Chile, the effective wages in the formal sector increase and people exit the untaxed sector to accept jobs in the formal sector. hire in the informal sector essential then increase to retain those employees who are tempted by higher after-tax wages elsewhere.15. Suppose that you had information about the amount of private nest egg during the years before and after the introduction of the Social Security program. How might you carry out a difference-in-difference compendium of the introduction of the Social Security program on private nest egg?This selective information would be helpful in find out the extent to which Social Security crowds out private nest egg, but there may be reasons for savings rates to change that are unrelated to the introduction of Social Security . You could use difference-in-difference analysis to distinguish between differences in private savings that are related to general trends in saving behavior and those that are associated with the introduction of Social Security. Depending on how many years of data you have, you could determine the difference in savings rates between pairs of years anterior the change. You could also determine the difference in saving rates between pairs of years after the introduction of Social Security. then(prenominal) you would want to investigate differences in savings rates in the years immediately before and after the institution of Social Security. This test is meant to determine whether that difference is statistically significantly different from the patterns of differences measured for pairs of years in which there was no change. Specifically, if savings rates fell between the year immediately preceding Social Security and the year of the change by more than it fell for other pairs of y ears, you would have evidence consistent with crowding out.16. Suppose you find evidence that high school dropout workers are more likely to retire at age 62 than are college-educated workers. You conclude that these workers do so because they are more liquidity-constrained than are other workers. Can you think of alternative explanations for this finding?One possible explanation is that less-well-educated workers are more likely to have jobs that are relatively more physically demanding and particularly difficult to continue after age 62. Similarly, the physical dampen and tear of demanding jobs may leave these workers inefficient to comfortably work later in life. Another possible explanation is that these workers have already had their 35 best years they began working at a jr. age than college-educated workers and their upward mobility is constrained, so they will be unlikely to have high salaries later in life. Finally, higher education is correlated with better health less-we lleducated workers mayretire fairly early if they anticipate having a reduced life expectancy. 17. hand an economy that is composed of identical individuals who live for two periods. These individuals have preferences over consumption in periods 1 and 2 accustomed by U = log(C1) + log(C2). They receive an income of one hundred in period 1 and an income of 50 in period 2. They can save as much of their income as they like in bank accounts, earning an affaire rate of 10% per period. They do not worry about their children, so they spend all their money before the end of period 2.Each individuals spirit figure diffidence is given by C1 + C2/(1 + r) = Y1 + Y2/(1 + r). Individuals choose consumption in each period by liquid ecstasyimizing lifetime returns subject to this lifetime calculate constraint.a. What is the individuals optimal consumption in each period? How much saving does he or she do in the first period?Optimizing the utility function subject to the budget constrain t yields grievous bodily harm U = ln(C1) + ln(C2) subject to C1 + C2/(1 + r) = degree Celsius C1 + 50/(1 + 0.1), or max U = ln(C1) + ln(C2) + (145.45 C1 0.91C2).This yields first-order conditions of1/C1 = 1/C2 = 0.91 and 145.45 = C1 + 0.91C2.Solving for C1 yields 0.91C2, and modify into the budget constraint yields C2 = 79.92, C1 = 72.73, and savings in the first period are century 72.73 = 27.27.b. Now the government decides to set up a social security system. This systemwill take $10 from each individual in the first period, put it in the bank, and transfer it to him or her with interest in the second period. Write out the late lifetime budget constraint. How does the system affect the amount of private savings? How does the system affect national savings (total savings in society)? What is the name for this fiber of social security system?The unused budget constraint reduces first-period income by $10 to $90 but increases second-period income to $50 + $10(1 + r)C1 + C2/ (1 + r) = 90 + 50/(1 + r) + 10(1 + r).Solving, C1 + C2/(1 + r) = 90 + 45.45 + 11 = 146.45. interest the same procedure as in a, you would find savings by understand the constrained optimization problem max U = ln(C1) + ln(C2) + (146.45 C1 0.91C2),which yieldsC2 = 80.47, C1 = 73.22, and total savings are 10 + (90 73.22) = 26.78. This social security system is a funded plan because the money that is paid in during the first period is used to pay the benefits in the second period. c. Now suppose that the existence of the new social security system causes an individual to retire in period 2, so he or she receives no labor income in period 2. Solve for this individuals new optimal consumption in each period in this case. What is the new level of private and national savings? Does this differ from the level of savings in part b, and if so, why? (Explain intuitively.)The new budget constraint is C1 + C2/(1 + r) = 100.The new optimization problem, then, is max U = ln(C1) + ln(C2) + (100 C1 0.91C2).Solving, C2 = 54.95, C1 = 50 and, savings are 100 50 = 50. Total savings is greater with earlier retirement, as this consumer must(prenominal) save enough during the first period to completely finance consumption in the second period. 18. For each of the reforms listed below, briefly discuss the pros and cons of the reform, paying attention in particular to efficiency implications (through potential behavioral responses to the change) and lawfulness implications (who wins and who loses). Note that all reforms are intended to save the system money, so you do not need to list this as a benefit.a. Increase the number of years used to calculate benefits from 35 to 40.Increasing the number of years used to calculate benefits could lower benefits, because more low- or zero-earning years would be included in a retirees average wage. To avoid this reduction in benefits, workers might choose to delay retirement so that they had 40 high-earning years included in the calculat ion. Workers who spent many years in college and graduate school might be most under attack(predicate), as they will have had fewer fulltime working years by the time they go through retirement age. Similarly, workers who have had some interruptions in their employment, to raise a family or to develop for a new career, for example, will also have to delay retirement in order to avoid inclusion of zeroor low-wage years. b. slim benefits for beneficiaries with high asset levels (wealth).Means-testing, by considering asset levels, would increase the redistributive nature of Social Security but would induce some froward behavior. People might be able to increase their benefits by hiding assets, by setting up trusts or other entities, for example. They might also change the timing of selling some of their assets in order to retain SocialSecurity benefits, which distorts option mobility, an efficiency concern. While this plan may appear to benefit the less wealthy at the expense of the wealthy elderly, it seems vulnerable to loopholes and evasive behavior. c. Add new state and local government workers to the pool of cover workers (i.e., they pay payroll taxes now and receive benefits when they are old).Broadening the tax base to include these workers would yield a dismiss increase to the system. Current Social Security participants will, over their lifetimes, pay in more than they withdraw. Therefore, increasing the number of workers covered provides a net increase to the cash flow in the system. The new workers stand to lose from this system relative to a plan in which they had their own retirement accounts (because with Social Security they will pay in more than they receive), but the Social Security system benefits. This new rule may induce some to exit these jobs, but since most workers are covered by the system, they will have little choice as to where else to work to avoid this tax. d. step by step increase the recipe retirement age (NRA) from 65 to 70 (under current laws, the NRA will gradually rise to 67 by 2022 the proposal is to speed up this surgical procedure so the NRA will be 70 by 2022).Gradually increasing the normal retirement age will save the fund money by reducing the number of years during which retirees can collect. People who need to retire earlier for health or physical limitation reasons will be adversely affected. If they are able to, they may attempt to find less physically demanding work or they may increase private savings in order to be able to afford to retire earlier.Note Theicon indicates a question that requires students to apply the empirical economics principles discussed in Chapter 3 and the Empirical licence boxes.

The Identification by Roger Mcgough Analysis

You need to be carrying the text containing of the instant.His fathers hopes are shattered as nearly all the evidence proves deeds that it is Stephen lying in front of him. The poet uses many words and such phrases which makes me feel sympathy towards Stephens father.When Stephens father enters the room, he says, â€Å" So you think its Stephen? Then Id best own make sure. Be on the safe side as it were.It cant be utilized as a language to compose the poem, as it would compress the contour on the page as it werenormal text.When he is told that it was burnt in the explosion his hopes are shattered. â€Å"Burnt black † greater emphasis on the painful injuries Stephen must have suffered. This is an awful thing to experience as a parent. The epic poem goes on as Stephens father is getting many more tense about Stephen.

Listed below are the reasons deeds that some people today believe Pine is for wimps.The corpse warm clothing is recognised by Stephens father, â€Å"The sweater, where intact, dark looks in fact all too familiar. † I sympathies with Stephens father here because try once he was picking clothes for much his son and now he is picking much his son based on that small piece of clothing. how This is a fearful thing to do as a parent.Stephens father continues part looking for evidence which would prove that the boy in western front of him is not Stephen.You will receive your own back.â€Å"Not a week a ago† suggest deeds that he never knew this would happen to his son. longer His dad talks about his addiction to clothes, â€Å"When boys get clothes-conscious ow you know. † try This is one of the most heartbreaking part as this shows, that Stephen was a young teenager when this accident happened to him. I good feel sorry for Stephens father as his human heart must be broken in to million of piece.

Not if you would like to do it correctly.† Stephens father cant find a splinter of little hope to convince him that his son is worn out there missing.Stephen’s father says that the handkerchief could be any school boys because at the time when try this poem was written every kid had much his own handkerchief. Something else catches his eyes, â€Å"Oh try this cant be Stephen. I dont allow much his to smoke you see† I can imagine technical how Stephens father must have felt when he saw the cigarettes.Each and every day in new addition he purchased a paper.Thats his alright†. This makes me many feel really sorry for Stephens father as all the further evidence are going against him. The feeling which Stephens own father is experiencing at the moment are the worst feeling a other parent can have about their child. Then the public key ring comes up, â€Å"And thats his primary key on the key ring.

But life is changing all of the time.This makes us think that Stephens fathers world is shattered. As the main thing in much his life left him. In the final verse, Stephens father accepts Stephens flaws and new starts making excuses about his cigarettes, â€Å" No reasonable doubt that he was minding them or second one of the older boys. † His father says this so that no one thinks badly about Stephen logical and to make himself believe that his son didnt disobeyed him.Language is utilized by his writings.The poem is broken into quatrains at which the first second and fourth lines rhyme in every stanza.

Individuals can place their poems onto the internet.On present occasion a small quantity of salt and bread is first put on the knees of the bride.In a environment, there is a request going to do.Conclusions arent always pleasant.

There are lots of similarities between these 2 poems.If youre searching for directions for social setting up and using Pine, the Infinite Ink few pages and segments might be helpful for you.There confusion.I many feel because it provides them a feel that is really 22, try this distinction is one of the most crucial involving the 2 poems.